Pulmonary vagal modulation of ventilation in toads (Bufo marinus).

This study examined the role of pulmonary vagal feedback on hypercapnic chemosensitivity and breathing pattern formation in cane toads (Bufo marinus). Decerebrate, paralysed toads were uni-directionally ventilated with air, 2.5% CO(2) or 5.0% CO(2) with the lungs inflated or deflated, before and after pulmonary vagotomy. Motor output from the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve served as an index of fictive breathing. As respiratory drive was increased, breathing frequency increased and breaths were clustered into discrete episodes separated by periods of apnea. Lung deflation tended to enhance episodic breathing while inflation biased the system towards apnea at low levels of respiratory drive and a pattern of continuous, small breaths at higher levels of respiratory drive. Following bilateral pulmonary vagotomy there was no increase in ventilation during hypercapnia and lung inflation/deflation had no effect on breathing pattern. In isolated brainstem-spinal cord preparations from the same animals, all variables associated with fictive breathing were unaffected by changes in superfusate pH from 8.0 to 7.6. The breathing pattern from the in vitro preparations was highly variable. This study demonstrates a crucial role for vagal feedback in modulating respiration and the respiratory responses to hypercapnia in B. marinus.